Prevention & Awareness



Earthquakes

An earthquake is a natural phenomenon resulting from a rupture, more or less violent, in the interior of the earth's crust, corresponding to the release of a great amount of energy, which causes vibrations that are diffused throughout a vast surrounding area.

In most cases, earthquakes originate from movements throughout geological faults existing among different tectonic plates that constitute the Earth’s surface area, which move into one another.

Throughout the geological times, the Earth has been subject to tensions responsible for the formation of mountain ranges and continental drift. Rocks gradually deform and breach under the action of these tensions. Breaches in rock material occur after its resistance limit has been exceeded, causing vibrations or seismic waves that propagate within the Earth. When an earthquake takes place, these are the vibrations we experience. Earthquakes can also originate from movements of faults existing inside the tectonic plates. The volcanic activity and the movements of deep molten material can also explain the causes of earthquakes. More rarely, they can be triggered by land surface displacements, such as landslides and subsidence.

The area inside the Earth where energy is released is named focus or hypocenter. The point on the surface of the Earth located vertically to the focus is the epicenter and corresponds to the area where the earthquake is felt more intensely.

Land movements around the epicenter are caused by seismic waves when they reach the earth's surface and depend on the depth of the focus, the earthquake’s characteristics (geological, topographical, etc.) and its magnitude. When the seismic activity is generated in the ocean, tsunamis or seaquakes may also occur, causing major destruction along coastal structures or riverside areas (boats, houses, bridges, etc.).

How long does an earthquake last?

The duration of an earthquake varies between a few and dozens of seconds, rarely exceeding one minute. The main earthquake is usually followed by adjustments of the rock material which originate weaker earthquakes, named aftershocks.

Can we predict an earthquake?

Though many scientists are conducting researches in this field, it is still not possible to predict earthquakes. Yet, it is possible to minimize the effects by identifying areas of greater risk, building more solid structures, promoting public education, such as safety measures to be taken during an earthquake, and preparing emergency plans.

Self-protection Measures

Before

  • Learn to turn off the water, gas and electricity supply;
  • Put the heavier objects on the lower shelves of the racks;
  • Do not leave objects scattered near corridors or exits;
  • Do not place your bed near the window;
  • At home, always have a radio and a flashlight in hand, with backup batteries, and a first aid kit;
  • Tell your family members to have at home: a fire extinguisher; the most needed medications; stock of water and food (canned and packed).

During

  • Go to a safe place… RIGHT NOW! Under a strong table or the bed; at the room corners or doorways; kneel; cover your face and head with your hands; do not use lifts and stairs.
  • Stay away from glasses; windows; objects that may fall; room centers;
  • On the street, go to an open place;
  • Move away from electricity posts; trees; lamps; buildings and walls; go to the middle of the street;
  • Places with many people (cinemas, shopping centers): Do not run towards the exit. Everyone tends to run, which is wrong because they can be hurt; go to a safe place, quickly. Do not leave there before the earthquake is ended.

Right after the Earthquake

  • Immediately cut off the gas, electricity, and water, as leaks may occur;
  • Use the flashlight with batteries. Do not light candles, matches, or lighters. Do not turn on or off the power switches;
  • Stay away from loose electrical wires and do not touch metal objects in contact with them;
  • Do not walk barefoot because you can get hurt;
  • After the first earthquake, there may be other minor quakes (aftershocks);
  • Be aware of falling objects, protect your head and face. Wear a coat, blanket or helmet;
  • Get away from the beach or the sea. There may be a giant wave (tsunami or seaquake);
  • Never use lifts, use the stairs to exit;
  • Follow the recommendations broadcasted on radio.
  • Counting up to 50 out loud helps you to stay calm.